Origins of Sundaness People ( Urang Sunda)

 A. Finding History Sunda with Two Boats

    ALREADY since the 1950's Sundanese people uneasy with history. More-over the current generation, they always question, is it true that the history of Sunda as people tell their parents? He said, extending his rule since time Cipamali continue west to east in the area now called West Java Siliwangi King as one of the wise king. Is it true? Sundanese history does not talk much in the constellation of national history. 

    "What is taught in school, the only three sentences," said Dr. Edi Sukardi Ekadjati, researcher, historian and head of Asia and Africa at the Museum of London. It was brief only just revealed the Sunda kingdom by King Sri Baduga in what is now called West Java, and then collapsed. 

     In fact, the kingdom of the shades hinduistis animistic and has been standing since the 8th century AD and ending its existence before the 16th century AD. The stories were so long, more widely known through oral stories that are hard to track traces its history. But this does not mean, ancestors of the Sundanese people in the past did not leave something that can be tracked by their grandchildren because of his writing skills in the Sunda region has been known since the 5th century AD. This can be proved by the inscriptions of the period. 

     Indeed, the paper relics in the form of a script that has yet to be found. But after it was discovered an ancient manuscript in the ancient Sundanese language and letters, the manuscript Torture Trance Karesian the Kanda Ng completed in 1518 AD and the script made Carita Bujangga Manik late 15th century or early 16th century. Suhamir, architect with an interest in the history of Sunda dub script Torture Trance Kanda Karesian Ng as "Encyclopedia of Sunda". Other manuscripts are Cariosan King Siliwangi (the 17th century or early 18th century), Queen Pakuan wawacan Galuh hist, Chronicle Pakuan, Carita Waruga Guru, Siliwangi Chronicle and others. 

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    DRAFT Torture Trance Kana Karesian Ng and Carita Bujangga Manik arranged at the time of the Kingdom of Sunda-Pajajaran still there and growing. Because of that, seen from the eyes of history, the two texts can be primary sources. While other texts are arranged after-Pajajaran Sunda kingdom collapsed including secondary sources. Kingdom of Sunda-Pajajaran collapsed in 1579. 

    Both texts are written in ancient Sundanese language and letters. While there are other manuscripts and letters written in Java language and Arabic, Javanese-Sundanese or Javanese script but the script language such as Carita Sundanese and Malay Teacher Waruga and Latin letters. Until the 1980s, the manufacture of Sundanese script still continues albeit in the form of copying. 

     Torture script Kanda Ng and Carita Bujangga Manik Karesian written on palm leaves and palm fronds. Other manuscripts some are written in palm leaves, palm leaves or coconut leaves. How to write cut off / scratched using a device called a peso pagot, a type of knife edges sharp. While the texts of the younger using leaves instead of paper and written using ink. 

    Most of the manuscripts was stored in museums both at home and abroad. But most were kept in houses or certain places considered sacred because of the script as a sacred item. Holders are also certain people. 

Because of the way storage is not eligible, sometimes so badly damaged manuscripts can not be read anymore. Manuscript in Lengkong, Brass for example, the 1982 can still be read. "But when I came back to it in 1987, the manuscript was not reconstructed again," complained Ekadjati. 

    But there are also texts that are not stored properly because heirs felt they had no interest anymore. In Banjaran, a region that is located in South London, a script that they have stored in the chicken coop because the house was demolished. Or there is a store in the kitchen ceiling, so the color is blackish yellow. By way of storage like that, especially coming from materials easily weathered, in a few years it's possible these texts will not all gone, before researched. After being delayed, then we realized he had lost historical or cultural treasures ... Before this bitter experience occurs, Edi S Ekadjati with help Toyota Foundation later immortalize in the form of micro-film. Now, about 2000 manuscripts from micro film entered into the computer so that one day, it could be made more complete catalog. This catalog complements the existing Sundanese script now, which contains 1904 manuscripts. 

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        FROM a number of texts, 95 texts written in Ancient Sundanese letters, 438 letters written in the Sunda-Java, 1060 is written with the Arabic alphabet (Pegon) and 311 other manuscripts written in Latin letters. In addition there are 144 manuscripts using two kinds of script or more, the Sunda-Java, Arabic and Latin.  Judging from the type of essay, the manuscript history of only about 9 percent and 12 percent of the history of literary texts. Most of the other 25 percent in the form of literary texts, religious texts and 15 percent. Unfortunately, despite numerous, little has been studied. Eddi S. Ekadjati new estimate around 100-125 titles are investigated. This means, the challenge for researchers in researching the history of Sunda is still very large. 

     The study, according to Eddie S. Ekajati, ideally once a philological science worked on the script because it is philology. Only later philologists edits being made the object or subject of study other sciences according to the type of the script. Difficult, very few philologists are interested in Sundanese manuscript.  Not to mention, even fewer who can read ancient Sunda letters - and even then most of them come from other disciplines. Atja and Saleh Danasasmita for example, are both dead. While others Ayatrohaedi and Hasan Djafar (archeology) and Kalsum and Invite A Darsa. Edi S Ekadjati actual historical background. But because of the great interest for the history of Sunda, ultimately required that she studied philology, so he is often dubbed "were in two boats". He admits, because of the limited philologist who are interested, so if someone wants to know the history of Sunda then he should be "two boats". 

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   HISTORY may Sunda very different history than other ethnicities in Indonesia because there had bequeathed relics temple inscriptions, but more in the form of a script that is now stored in museums or other places. National Library just for example, there are 89 ancient Sundanese manuscripts that have been done while the then seven manuscripts. 

     But from the little manuscript, according to Eddie S. Ekadjati, it has contributed greatly to the history of Sunda. Both the list and the reigning king of his reign and the events that occurred around that time, so although it has not completely been able drafted Sunda kings who ruled for more than 800 years. Namely, since Sanjaya who reigned in the 8th century until the last King of Sunda in 1579. Even with the pain of Kanda Ng Karesian script that was written during Maharaja Sri Baduga, known to some aspects of Sundanese culture at that time. Baduga Sri Maharaja, in folklore identified with King Siliwangi. 

      Road to the veil is a long history of Sunda. At the National Library, still 82 more manuscripts that have not worked. However, Edi S Ekadjati optimism, a time history of the Sunda be developed more fully and clearly. One of the hopes placed on efforts Sastramidjaja or Abah Ali Ali, an interest in the history of Sunda, which is now working on the script Ciburuy with her friends. (Her Suganda) 

B. Pasundan history began to unfold 

     Inscription Adam Malik Museum in Jakarta, help to strengthen the Kingdom Pasundan alleged continuity with the Hindu Mataram kingdom in Central Java. Even if it is related to the findings of inscriptions in West Java, including the findings of the 90's, this inscription join cast light on the history of classic Land Pasundan that still dark. 

     Head of Classical Archaeology Archaeological Research center (National Research Center for Arkenas) Dr Endang Sri Hadiati accompanied by specialist archaeologists Sunda, Richadiana Kartakusuma SU, Compass noted that when met at his office in Jakarta, Monday (20/2). Both were found in relation to the history of classical Sundanese that is still dark, when compared with classical history in Central Java, which has been able to provide a history of more orderly fashion. 

     When properly alleged continuity between King Sundanese and Central Java, then this is the assumption of a new history in the development of national history over the years. Endang Sri Hadiati stated, sustainability or the alleged relationship between the Kingdom of Pasundandan kingdom in Central Java was touted in the papyrus found Parahiyangan Carita Ciamis, West Java. 

         Papyrus found in 1962 tells the story of the kings of the Land Galuh West Java. One of the ejection of the unknown Carita Parahiyangan year figures that include the name of Sanjaya as the originator of a new generation of gods known as the King. 

       What is called the Carita Parahiyangan, according Richadiana, meaning there are similarities with the inscriptions found on Mount Wukir, which is located between the area of ​​Sleman and Magelang (Central Java). VII century stone inscription which was later named as the inscription Canggal it clearly mentions that the region has established a new royal dynasty or king Sanjaya's name, otherwise known as the Rakai Mataram later the Queen Sanjaya. 

    "I have not dared to ensure the sustainability of the King Sundanese and Javanese. To be sure, Carita Parihiyangan containing stories Galuh kings, one of whom the name Sanjaya makes a new kingdom, and that is exactly what is mentioned in the inscription Canggal in Central Java, "said Richadiana. 

        According Richadiana, allegations were reinforced with inscriptions collected by Adam Malik (deceased), known by the inscriptions Sragen (found in Sragen Java). Richadiana not know exactly when the inscription was collected Adam Malik. To be sure, the inscription that it also could be the fact the alleged continuity between the Kingdom Pasundan and Java. 

Two centuries gone 

       Endang Sri Hadiati and Richadiana admitted Pasundan history is still dark, meaning that the flow does not have any definite historical approach. "This milestone classic West Java at the 6 century inscription of King Tarumanegara V. Other inscriptions findings do not support the continuation of history, because of the difference in time for centuries, "he said. 

      However, if observed and attributed to the findings of the 90's, is actually just a span of two centuries the history of classical Sundanese missing, when measured from the King Tarumanegara, between centuries V - VII. 

        Richadiana said, after a century Tarumanegara King V to VII century inscription was not found. But the ejection Carita Parahiyangan tells of life in the Land of the Kings Galuh the seventeenth, followed by the findings of the eighth century inscription Pangambat Savior. This inscription was found in about Tarumanegara inscription, which tells about the existence of a high official named Rakai Pangambat Savior. 

         According Richadiana, Huludayueh inscriptions found in Cirebon in 1990 tells us that between 10 and 12 century there lived a king named Pakuan. Before it was discovered inscription in Tasikmalaya known inscription Rumatak. Stone inscription dated 1030 tells that at that time there lived a King Jaya regent. "Actually, if we trace the inscriptions were already indicates a sequence of classical history Sunda. None enthusiasts who study the history of classical Sundanese, Sundanese themselves apart. That which causes the history of Sunda as miserable, "he said. (Top) 

COMPASS, Tuesday, 21-02-1995. It. 16th 

INFORMATION CENTER COMPASS 

South Palmerah 26-2 

EXPLANATION inscription HULU DAYEUH 

        History of West Java until now is still a bit dark, when compared with other regions in the archipelago. Therefore any archaeological findings from West Java continue to invite the attention and curiosity of cultural experts who carefully on the issue of history Sundanese (West Java). 

        For that I raised some issues concerning the inscription Hulu Dayeuy expressed by Mr. Muchtar MS (Head of Culture, National Education Kndep Cirebon) to journalists who have published some time ago in Kompas, Tuesday, December 31, 1991 (at page 12, column 1 - 3). 

       Inscription Dayeuh Hulu is not from (Predu) Ratudewata, but may be linked to Jayadewata (King Pakwan-Pajajaran the 15th century AD). The king is the same as the Maharaja or Raden pamanah SriBaduga Sense aka The Udubasu in the Carita Parahiyangan, according to the mentioned in rasasti Dayeuh Hulu itself (line 11). But it does not mean that the inscription was issued by King Jayadewata. 

        We should bear in mind that unlike Jayadewata Ratudewata. Both of these kings ruled at Pakwan-Pajajaran but different personnel. When Jayadewata ruled in 1482-1521 BC (39 years) then (Prebu) Ratudewata helm Pakwan-Pajajaran years 1535-1543 AD (8 years). 

   The top of the stone inscriptions allegedly listed pertanggalan tesebut broken, and also participated aksaranya missing and there are others along, so that the chronology of the inscriptions can not be known with certainty. Wear of characters that may be because the original location of the stone inscriptions inverted with the top position embedded in the ground, but now the stone has been laid properly proficiency level. 

   Form letters are known beraksasa Post Pallava, similar to the characters in the inscriptions Kayuwangi-Balitung period (9-10 century AD), not Kayuwanci-Belitung as earlier news. So this error, and in no way meant to offend Mr. Muchtar MS, merely confirming what might be causing things that are not desirable, in interpreting the history of West Java, especially with regard to Hulu Dayeuh inscription. In this case I feel responsible because I said the above information verbally to Mr. Muchtar MS when conducting research in the area of ​​archaeological sources, Cirebon. 

Sources: 

Dr Edi S. Ekadjati, COMPASS, Tuesday, 01-02-1994. It. 20. INFORMATION CENTER COMPASS, South Palmerah 26-28, Jakarta 10270 

COMPASS, Tuesday, 21-02-1995. It. 16th